Depression in older adults: cognitive impact and an approach based on cognitive stimulation

Neuropsychologist Estefanía Lesser explains the impact of depression on cognition and why cognitive stimulation is crucial for older adults with depression.

Introduction

Ageing is a natural process that entails biological, psychological and social transformations, many of which directly affect the mental health of older adults. In this context, depression in old age has become a growing and often underestimated problem. Its manifestations often differ from those observed at other stages of life, and its effects are not limited to the emotional realm but also significantly impact cognitive functions, such as memory, attention and executive functions.

Despite its high prevalence, depression in older adults continues to be underdiagnosed, especially when it presents with atypical symptoms or is confused with cognitive impairment. This overlap can give rise to conditions such as depressive pseudodementia, where the cognitive impairment is secondary to depression and potentially reversible. Faced with this scenario, it becomes urgent to implement therapeutic strategies that integrate emotional treatment with the preservation of cognitive functions.

Among these strategies, cognitive stimulation has established itself as an effective intervention, with scientific evidence supporting its ability to improve cognitive performance, strengthen self-esteem, reduce isolation and prevent neurocognitive decline. Its positive impact is further enhanced when it is part of a multidisciplinary approach involving neuropsychologists, clinical psychologists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, physiotherapists, psychiatrists and caregivers.

Depression in older adults and its impact on cognition

What is depression

Depression is a mood disorder that involves a combination of emotional, physical and cognitive symptoms, including persistent sadness, loss of interest, sleep disturbances, fatigue, difficulty concentrating and recurrent negative thoughts (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In older people, this condition often goes unnoticed due to atypical manifestations such as apathy, slowness or somatic complaints (González-Fernández et al., 2020).

Prevalence of depression in older adults

It is estimated that the prevalence of depression in older adults ranges between 10% and 15% in the general population, but can reach between 20% and 25% in institutionalized people or those with chronic illnesses (Pérez-Arechaederra et al., 2018; World Health Organization [WHO], 2017). 

In the Latin American context, studies such as the SABE Survey in Colombia have reported prevalences even above 30% in people over 60 years old (Albala et al., 2005).

Clinical identification of depression in older adults

For clinical identification, instruments such as the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), the Beck Depression Inventory-II adapted for older adults and structured interviews such as the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) are used. These tests allow for effective screening adjusted to the cognitive and emotional profile of this population (Yesavage et al., 1982; González et al., 2013).

Symptoms of depression in younger and older adults

In older adults, depressive symptoms can differ from those observed in younger adults. They may present with apathy, irritability, loss of energy, functional difficulties, social withdrawal and persistent somatic complaints (Blazer, 2003; Jeste et al., 1999). These symptoms not only affect emotional state but also performance on cognitive tasks, particularly executive functions such as planning, working memory, sustained attention and inhibitory control (Butters et al., 2004; Sachs-Ericsson et al., 2011).

What is depressive pseudodementia

A relevant condition in this context is depressive pseudodementia, a clinical syndrome in which depressive symptoms mimic severe cognitive impairment. Unlike neurodegenerative dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease, in pseudodementia the cognitive deficits do not progress and may be reversible with appropriate treatment (Ritchie et al., 1994; Looi & Macfarlane, 2009). Patients are often aware of their difficulties and tend to dramatize them, which contrasts with the anosognosia typical of dementia. However, it is important to note that some patients with pseudodementia may progress to irreversible dementia if not intervened in time (Barnes et al., 2006).

Why is cognitive stimulation crucial for older adults with depression?

Cognitive stimulation comprises a set of therapeutic techniques aimed at maintaining or improving the functioning of cognitive functions. In older adults with depression, these interventions are not only recommended but necessary, due to their effect on multiple dimensions of well-being.

1. Neuroplasticity in older age

Although brain plasticity decreases with age, the brain remains capable of adapting, generating new synaptic connections and reorganizing neural networks in response to environmental stimuli and cognitive training (Park & Bischof, 2013; Draganski & May, 2008). This principle underlies the efficacy of cognitive stimulation by promoting the activation of areas affected by depression and compensating for impaired functions. Additionally, it has been shown that even in aged brains, learning new skills can induce lasting functional and structural changes (Valenzuela & Sachdev, 2009). 

2. Reducing the impact of depression on cognitive functioning

Active participation in cognitive exercises helps to counteract mental slowing and loss of initiative typical of depressive episodes, promoting motivation and concentration (Bennett & Thomas, 2014). This type of intervention can alleviate cognitive symptoms secondary to depression and improve daily functional performance.

3. Improved emotional well-being

Regular practice of cognitive stimulation gives the older adult an opportunity to experience personal achievements, overcome challenges and regain a sense of competence. These factors raise self-esteem and reduce feelings of uselessness or hopelessness, common in geriatric depression (Cummings et al., 2019).

4. Prevention of major cognitive decline

Depression in old age is associated with a higher risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia (Ownby et al., 2006). Therefore, early interventions such as cognitive stimulation not only address current symptoms but can help slow future cognitive decline.

Conclusion

In view of these findings, in the second part of this article we will delve into the specific benefits of cognitive stimulation, concrete strategies for clinical application and the role of the interdisciplinary team and caregivers in this therapeutic process.

Bibliography

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“This article has been translated. Link to the original article in Spanish:”
La depresión en adultos mayores: impacto cognitivo y abordaje desde la estimulación